Creative Art Therapy on Schizophrenia | Literature Review

Creative Art Therapy on Schizophrenia | Literature Review CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers. As a piece of writing, the literature review must be defined by a guiding concept. It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries. (Dena taylor-2010). A literature review is a text written by someone to consider the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Review of literature is a written summary of the state of an art on a research problem. It helps the researcher to familiarize themselves with the knowledge base. It includes the activities involved in identifying and searching comprehensive picture of a state of knowledge on that topic (Polit and Hungler, 1995). The review of literature has been described under the following headings: SECTION A: Studies related to schizophrenia SECTION B: Studies related to Creative Art Therapy SECTION C: Studies related to Creative Art Therapy on schizophrenia SECTION A: STUDIES RELATED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA An experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of clozapine in the treatment of resistant schizophrenia in Beijing, China. Twenty two patients with treatment of resistant schizophrenia were selected for the study by using randomized sampling technique. This samples were assessed by using the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia. The results showed that 60% of the study participants responded to clozapine therapy during the observation period. The researcher concluded that clozapine has therapeutic efficacy in treatment of resistant schizophrenia. (Xiang,Y. T, 2009). A descriptive study was conducted to assess the importance of genetic factors in men with early onset of schizophrenia in Surat, India. A total sample of 40 male schizophrenic patients with clinical onset before the age of 25 years were selected by using convenience sampling technique. Samples were assessed by using structured questionnaire. The results showed that one of the parent of 12(30%) patients had the history of schizophrenia. The researcher concluded that the genetic causes are more important in the etiology of schizophrenia. (Mukesh Patel, 2009). A descriptive study was conducted to assess the side effects of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. A total no.of 1493 schizophrenic patients were recruited at 57 United states sites by using convenience sampling technique. They were evaluated using the positive and negative syndrome scale for schizophrenia. The result showed that olanzapine was associated with more discontinuation for weight gain or metabolic effects and perphenazine was associated with more discontinuation due to the presence of extra pyramidal effects. The researcher concluded that majority of patients discontinued the medicines owing to inefficacy or intolerable side effects or for other reasons. (Lieberman,J.A, 2005). A descriptive study was conducted to assess the association between violence and schizophrenia in Mullen, Australia. A total no.of 40 patients were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Patients were assessed by using structured questionnaire. Research shows that violence is a result of comorbid substance abuse or psychotic symptoms. The result showed that most studies conform the association between violence and schizophrenia. The researcher concluded that the proportion of violent crime in society attributable to schizophrenia falls below 10 %. ( Walsh,E. 1997). A preliminary study was conducted to assess the effect of psycho education program on self efficacy of schizophrenic patients utilizing the psychiatric day care. A total no.of 33 schizophrenic patients utilizing the psychiatric day care were selected by convenience sampling technique for this study. Generalized Self Efficacy Scale (GSE Scale) was used for the evaluation 1 month before intervention, immediately before intervention and after the completion of intervention. He has incorporated the social skills training into psycho education. The results showed that Self Efficacy score changed significantly between immediately before and after completion of the intervention. The investigators concluded that the psycho education was effective in increasing the self efficacy among schizophrenic patients. (Yamaji ,2005). An explorative study was conducted to assess the behavioral impairments and social disabilities among schizophrenic patients. A total no of 520 patients from seven countries were participated in the study. Disability assessment scale and Psychological impairments assessment scale were used to for this study. The results showed that there is an impairment in sexual relationship, workplace, self care and also in social roles. Negative symptoms such as inactivity, loss of interest, initiative and poverty of speech also present in the patients. (WHO, 2000). A descriptive study was conducted by Schizophrenia Research Foundation and Madras Medical College to assess the prevalence of schizophrenia in Tamil Nadu. Two areas Chintadripet and Triplicane were chosen for the study and door to door survey technique was adopted. The Indian psychiatric survey schedule and present state examination schedule was used for assessing the prevalence of the schizophrenia. The study was concluded that the prevalence rate of schizophrenia was highest in the area and a higher rate have seen in males and in age group of 15 – 45 years respectively. The higher prevalence rates were shown in slum areas, those living alone, in those with no schooling, in Christian communities and in the unemployed group. (Padmavathi, 1998). SECTION B: STUDIES RELATED TO CREATIVE ART THERAPY An experimental study was conducted on the effectiveness of Creative Art Therapy on the treatment of aggression in Netherland. A total no.of 100 samples were selected by using convenience sampling technique. They were used the structured questionnaire in this study. The results showed that expressing aggression with help of art material safely helps to explore one’s aggression. The researcher concluded that art therapy is an useful modality to suppress the anger that explodes in uncontrolled destructive aggression. (Henk, 2006). An interventional study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of Creative Art Therapy in reducing anxiety and fear in hospitalized children in Punjab, India. Samples of 22 children in the age group of 3-10 years were selected by using the convenience sampling technique. Creative Art therapy intervention was given 60 minutes for seven days. The Beck Anxiety Inventory Scale was used to measure the anxiety of the samples. The result shows that there was a significant difference between pre test (22%) and post test (11%) scores of anxiety. So the researcher concluded that the creative art therapy is effective in reducing fear and and anxiety among hospitalized children. (Hamre.H,J, 2006). An experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of creative art therapy with incarcerated women who have experienced the death of a loved one. A total no.of 7 samples were selected by using purposive sampling technique. Semi structured interview was conducted before the study. One hour Creative Art Therapy sessions were offered to eight incarcerated bereaved women for a period of eight weeks. After two weeks after treatment, a 45-minute interview provided to the women with the opportunity to describe their personal experiences and responses in regard to the Creative art Therapy sessions. Result shown that seven women described positive outcomes following the Creative Art Therapy intervention and they had an opportunity to express their feelings. (Horn et al., 2004) An experimental study was conducted on the effectiveness of Creative Art Therapy and cognitive behavior therapy with sexually abused children. A total no.of 120 samples were selected in the age group between 8-11 years by using purposive sampling technique. Two group research design were used by dividing the group into two groups, 60 children in each group. Therapy sessions were held once a week for 12 weeks. Symptoms were assessed with trauma symptom checklist for children. The result showed that there is a significant reduction in symptoms commonly associated with sexual abuse who had been received creative art therapy than cognitive behavior therapy. (Pifalo. T, 2002). An experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of creative art therapy on self esteem and anxiety of nursing home elderly residents. Quasi experimental research design was used. A total no.of 20 older adult psychiatric patients were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The state trait Anxiety Inventory Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess the anxiety and depression. Creative art therapy intervention was given three days per week for four regular weeks. The result indicated that the creative art therapy improved the level of self esteem and reduced the anxiety and depression of older adults. (Henry, L. 1997). SECTION C: STUDIES RELATED TO CREATIVE ART THERAPY ON SCHIZOPHRENIA An experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of creative art therapy as an adjunctive treatment for patients with schizophrenia in London. A total no.of 43 participants were selected by using randomized sampling technique. Symptoms were assessed with the help of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Allocated participants were offered with activity three sessions a week for 90 minutes per day and the duration for an average of 2 months. The result indicated that Creative Art Therapy produced statistically significant positive effect on negative symptoms. (Philrichardson, 2007). An experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of creative art therapy among schizophrenic patients. Totally 45 participants were selected by using convenience sampling technique. Twenty sessions of creative art therapy have given for the selected samples. Symptoms assessed before and after the intervention by using positive and negative syndrome scale. The result showed that improved mental health especially reduction in negative and general symptoms in schizophrenia. (Crawford, 2007). An experimental study was conducted to assess the effects of Creative Art Therapy among schizophrenic patients and their relatives on symptoms, personal and social skills. Total no.of 9 patients and 7 patient’s relatives included in this study. Totally 17 sessions of Creative Art Therapy intervention were given for the patients and relatives for 30 minutes duration. Participants were assessed by using Positive and Negative Syndrome scale. Whereas all participants relatives were assessed through Beck Depression Inventory Scale. The results showed that creative art therapy can reduce negative symptoms, particularly social functioning and depressive symptoms of schizophrenia in which antipsychotics are not helpful. (Anadolu, 2013). A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of Creative Art Therapy in acute schizophrenic patients in Berlin, Germany. A total no.of 60 samples were included in this study by using convenience sampling technique. Creative Art herapy have been given to the experimental group for 45 minutes daily for two weeks period. Before and after the study researcher were applied PANSS to all participants. The result shows that significant changes in negative symptoms and only mild effect on positive symptoms. So the researcher concluded that Creative art therapy is more effective on negative symptoms of schizophrenia. ( Dannecker, 2012). An experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of Creative Art Therapy as an adjunctive treatment for people with schizophrenia in United Kingdom. A total no.of 417 samples were selected by using convenience sampling technique for the study. Group creative art therapy was delivered by the researcher for 90 minutes duration per day for two weeks. Before and after the study researcher were assessed by using PANSS to all participants. The result shows that some improvement in primary outcomes of participants. So the researcher concluded that creative art therapy can improve global functioning and reduction of symptoms in schizophrenia. (Crawford, 2012).

Paper on Population Control

In early years human population and population growth has not been an issue. This is because of the variety of different environmental factors. Sickness and disease has played a large role in keeping human population under control since the beginning of time. It seemed that when a population would get over crowded an epidemic such as, the influenza or small pox would break out. This would drastically decrease the population enough that it would be under control again. Famine is another great controller of population. When a famine strikes an area only the few with enough food will be able to reproduce or even survive. An examination of world population control would not be complete with out including war. War also performs wonders at controlling population by murdering most men of child rearing age. In today†s day and age, with our current technology increases disease outbreak and famine (except in some 3rd world countries) is not much of a factor any more. War is not considered a valid population control method due to today†s â€Å"new† wars. Without the three largest population controllers much of a factor anymore population is free to run out of control. This provides us with an ever-increasing controversy; this is whether government or society should dictate family size. I believe that society can infringe indirect controls over family size, but these are considered more community norms as opposed to hard fast rules such as governments can set. Two examples will follow. First, we will look at our society. Yes, the USA†s turn to no child and one child families. This was caused by society. Society pushes Americans to have successful careers both male and female. There has been a switch from families to careers. This not providing Americans with the time or means for multiple children, but cutting the number down to one or none. Another example of society's control, is the push in some Asian/Middle Eastern countries for a family†s first child to be male. Even when there is no government regulation many cultures push for your first child to be male. This forces families to abort females and even murder them once they have been born. Once again this is a society/cultural push not a mandated rule. These instances are what different societies have created for themselves, when included in one of these societies it is hard to say whether it is right or wrong. I will first address the aspect that government should not control family size. First of all, it is a natural and religious right to produce offspring. Breed, multiply and populate has been the belief since the beginning of time. The idea is to grow population so that our beliefs and way of life may be spread and passed on. Who is government to take these right away? Governmental control over family size goes against everything that the USA stands for. This would be an age-old idea called freedom. When a government starts dictating the kind and size of family a person can have. Almost all freedom is lost. Another topic briefly addressed above is the aborting and murdering of babies that aren†t male. A first hand example of this is China. China regulates or gives incentives to families that only produce one child. This is where the problem begins because most families want this child to be male. Male children are providers and will go out and join the working world. They will be â€Å"successful†. Many female babies are aborted once sex is determined. If sex is not determined before birth, once born many female babies are abandoned or destroyed. This showing the cruelty that government controlled family size will push people to. Government should control family size because in most instances the general population can not handle this for themselves. A prime example of this is our already over crowded inner cities. People with chemical addictions and no financial means are cranking out babies right and left. They have no means of providing for all of these children. Government currently provides for these under privileged children, that as cruel as it sounds, should not have been born. I have had a first hand example of this problem. A family friend in another state has adopted three crack babies from the same mother; this mother is also on welfare. This certain mother is by no means an exception. China is another example of why government needs to control population. Look at the current problems that they are faced with because in previous years they have done nothing. Left uncontrolled, population will snowball out of control. Government needs to be aware of the ever -increasing population growth problem. I believe that rather that mandating how many children a family can have. They should educate its population on different means of birth control and possibly start providing for free. Especially in this country a harsher penalties needs to be imposed for chemical dependent mothers that become baby factories. An education/management plan can be imposed allowing individuals the freedom to determine the number of children they desire to have.

MGI Exam Study Guide

Recruitment and Selection Sources for Recruitment -Internal (pros/cons) -External (pros/cons) -Realistic Job Previews Attraction-selection-Attrition (the importance of goals) Selection process -Popular selection techniques (pros/cons), achievement vs.. Aptitude tests, etc.Personality -Interviews (methods, errors), ways In which fit assessments may be biased Top 5 cost effective staffing techniques Making the selection decision (banding, types of errors) Effectiveness (and ways to enhance them) -Reliability -Validity Legal Issues in Recruiting and Selection Chapter 8: Managing a Diverse Workforce How the workforce Is changing -Issues related to older workers -Issues related to gender -Issues related to racial diversity (don't worry about specific percentages of those employed, just know the overall idea) Knowledge workers and the issues associatedValues that occur across cultures, and other things (needs, compensation, etc. ) that can be important to all people regardless of diversity 6 ways in which diversity can create a competitive advantage Bottom line on diversity (also use info from the slides) Managing Diversity -Individual strategies for dealing with diversity -Organizational strategies for dealing with diversity -Multi-cultural organization Organizational learning (you had to read this section on your own) Diversity and Social Change HARM and Social Issues.

Critical Analysis of Genesis 11-24a Essays - 2625 Words

Gen 1:1-2:4a World Behind the text Historical and Cultural Context Genesis illustrates the way Biblical writers J (Yahwist), E (Elohist) and P (Priestly) drew upon the cultural and religious legacy of the Ancient Near East (ANE) along with its stories and imagery and transformed it to conform to a new vision of a non-mythological God and a monotheistic, superior religion. â€Å"The Pentateuch developed against the background of the Ancient Near Eastern culture first cultivated in and spread by Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian empires†. From this, we can see how Israelite religion was â€Å"shaped by responses to and reactions against this culture due both to contacts with neighboring Canaanites and to conflicts with Assyrian and Babylonian†¦show more content†¦Further evidence that the author of Genesis 1 is P is that â€Å"the account of creation in Genesis 1 has the refrains and solemn tones of a liturgical prayer†¦it maintains an interest in precise genealogy lists, a task of ancient temple scribes,† and pays close attention to structure and the repetition of key expressions, having a powerful effect on the reader, a style of writing that would only have been used by the well educated at the time, pointing directly to priests. World of the text Literary Context Genesis is the first of the five books of Moses, the Pentateuch, written in Hebrew in Israel, interweaving many genres including myth, epic and history. â€Å"Israel’s Bible begins with an extended look at the world prior to Israel instead of assuming that the world began when it came to be.† â€Å"Gen 2-9 is introduced by Gen 1 and carried forward by Gen 10-11. Gen 1-11 then is a single story, an unusually sustained â€Å"philosophical† and â€Å"theological† explanation,† explaining our relationship with God, our flaws and destiny and religious institutions. Whilst P is the author of Genesis 1, Genesis 2 has been tied to J and differs significantly in its tone and focus. J writes almost as if it is a fairytale and where the P account focuses on the origin of the world with the creation of mankind as its climax, J â€Å"begins with Gods creation of the man, and describes how subsequently God builds up a world for hisShow MoreRelatedThe Hebrew Bible, By Marc Zvi Brettler1390 Words   |  6 PagesBrettler advocates for applying a scholarly practice termed the historical-critical method, a specific procedure used to study a text in relation to its ancient context and origin. In fact, Brettler (2005) self-promotes this book as a â€Å"Jewishly sensitive introduction to the historical-critical method† (p. 5). Brettler s goal of guiding readers toward an appreciation and understanding of the purpose in utilizing the historical-critical study practice is well laid out as a foundation to the book. 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